Journal: Translational Psychiatry

Article Title: Astrocytic APOE3-Christchurch expression ameliorates brain amyloid-β pathology in 5xFAD mice

doi: 10.1038/s41398-026-04002-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A - C ) Aβ40 and Aβ42 levels in the soluble TBS fractions ( A ), detergent soluble (TBS-X) fractions ( B ), and insoluble neutralized formic acid (FA) fractions ( C ) of cortical brain homogenates in the 5xFAD mice were measured by ELISA at 8 months of age, normalized to protein concentrations of each fraction. ( D ) Soluble oligomeric Aβ (oAβ) levels in the TBS-X fractions of cortical brain homogenates in the 5xFAD mice were measured by ELISA at 8 months of age, normalized to protein concentrations. ( E, F ) Amounts of full-length APP in the TBS-X fractions of mouse cortical lysates were measured by western blot at 8 months of age, normalized to those of β-actin (ACTB). Data are expressed as means ± SEM (GFP: N = 12; APOE3: N = 18; APOE3Ch: N = 13; Open circles: females, closed circles: males). Injection group differences were analyzed using two-way ANOVA, with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test, adjusting for sex. *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01.

Article Snippet: Recombinant Aβ42 monomer (1 mg/ml) (Stressmarq, #SPR-485) was incubated at room temperature for 10 min. To dissolve the peptide, 7.5 μl of cold DMSO (Sigma Aldrich) was added, followed by 92.5 μl of cold PBS (PH 7.4) to reach a final concentration of 220 μM monomeric Aβ42.

Techniques: Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Western Blot, Injection

Journal: Translational Psychiatry

Article Title: Astrocytic APOE3-Christchurch expression ameliorates brain amyloid-β pathology in 5xFAD mice

doi: 10.1038/s41398-026-04002-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) Isogenic iPSC-derived astrocytes (iPSC-ACs) with homozygous APOE3 (left) and APOE3Ch (right) were immunostained for GFAP (green) and S100b (red). DAPI (blue) stains nuclei. Scale bars: 100 µm. ( B ) APOE mRNA levels in the iPSC-ACs were measured by RT-qPCR, normalized to those of β-actin ( ACTB ). ( C, D ) Amounts of APOE in the conditioned medium (CM) from iPSC-ACs were measured by western blot, normalized to protein amounts of cell lysates. ( E ) Effects of the CM from iPSC-ACs on Aβ42 aggregation was assessed by western blot using 6E10 antibody. ( F - G ) Populations of Aβ fibrils (F; > 150 kDa), oligomers (G; 37–150 kDa), and monomers ( H ; < 10 kDa) were quantified. Data expressed as means ± SEM (n = 3–5 independent differentiation batches). Group differences were analyzed using two-tailed student t-test or one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. *, P < 0.05.

Article Snippet: Recombinant Aβ42 monomer (1 mg/ml) (Stressmarq, #SPR-485) was incubated at room temperature for 10 min. To dissolve the peptide, 7.5 μl of cold DMSO (Sigma Aldrich) was added, followed by 92.5 μl of cold PBS (PH 7.4) to reach a final concentration of 220 μM monomeric Aβ42.

Techniques: Derivative Assay, Quantitative RT-PCR, Western Blot, Two Tailed Test

Journal: Molecular Neurobiology

Article Title: Olfactory Mucosa Mesenchymal Stem Cell–Derived Exosomes Enhance Microglia M2 Polarization via the FGFR1/PLCγ1 Axis to Alleviate Alzheimer’s Disease

doi: 10.1007/s12035-026-05797-w

Figure Lengend Snippet: OM-MSCs-Exo induced M2-polarized microglial cells through FGFR1 delivery, resulting in attenuated neuronal inflammation. A CCK8 assay in HT-22 and SH-SY5Y cells. B The apoptosis rate of HT-22 and SH-SY5Y cells was analyzed by flow cytometry. C IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels of HT-22 and SH-SY5Y cells. The HT-22 cells in the Co-control group, Co-Aβ 1–42 group, Co-Aβ 1–42 + OM-MSCs-Exo group, Co-Aβ 1–42 + OM-MSCs-Exo oe−NC group, and Co-Aβ 1–42 + OM-MSCs-Exo oe−FGFR1 group were co-cultured with the corresponding BV2 cells for 24 h. The SH-SY5Y cells in the Co-control group, Co-Aβ 1–42 group, Co-Aβ 1–42 + OM-MSCs-Exo group, Co-Aβ 1–42 + OM-MSCs-Exo oe−NC group, and Co-Aβ 1–42 + OM-MSCs-Exo oe−FGFR1 group were co-cultured with the corresponding HMC3 cells for 24 h ( n = 3). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. Normality was confirmed using the Shapiro–Wilk test. Thereafter, data were analyzed with a one-way ANOVA (followed by Tukey’s post hoc test) for multiple-group comparisons

Article Snippet: According to the instruction manuals of the mouse interleukin (IL)−1β (CSB-E08054m; Cusabio), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (CSB-E04741m; Cusabio), IL-6 (CSB-E04639m; Cusabio), and Aβ 1–42 (CSB-E10787m; Cusabio) detection kits, the corresponding molecular levels in cells or tissues were measured.

Techniques: CCK-8 Assay, Flow Cytometry, Control, Cell Culture

Journal: Molecular Neurobiology

Article Title: Olfactory Mucosa Mesenchymal Stem Cell–Derived Exosomes Enhance Microglia M2 Polarization via the FGFR1/PLCγ1 Axis to Alleviate Alzheimer’s Disease

doi: 10.1007/s12035-026-05797-w

Figure Lengend Snippet: OM-MSCs-Exo delivered FGFR1 to interact with PLCγ1 in microglia, suppressing the inflammatory response of co-cultured HT-22 and SH-SY5Y cells. A CCK8 assay in HT-22 and SH-SY5Y cells. B The apoptosis rate of neurons cells was analyzed by flow cytometry. C IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels of HT-22 and SH-SY5Y cells. The HT-22 cells in the Co-Aβ 1–42 + OM-MSCs-Exo oe−NC group, Co-Aβ 1–42 + OM-MSCs-Exo oe−FGFR1 group, Co-Aβ 1–42 + OM-MSCs-Exo oe−FGFR1 + si-NC group, and Co-Aβ 1–42 + OM-MSCs-Exo oe−FGFR1 + si-PLCγ1 group were co-cultured with the corresponding BV2 cells for 24 h. The SH-SY5Y cells in the Co-Aβ 1–42 + OM-MSCs-Exo oe−NC group, Co-Aβ 1–42 + OM-MSCs-Exo oe−FGFR1 group, Co-Aβ 1–42 + OM-MSCs-Exo oe−FGFR1 + si-NC group, and Co-Aβ 1–42 + OM-MSCs-Exo oe−FGFR1 + si-PLCγ1 group were co-cultured with the corresponding HMC3 cells for 24 h ( n = 3). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. Normality was confirmed using the Shapiro–Wilk test. Thereafter, data were analyzed with a one-way ANOVA (followed by Tukey’s post hoc test) for multiple-group comparisons

Article Snippet: According to the instruction manuals of the mouse interleukin (IL)−1β (CSB-E08054m; Cusabio), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (CSB-E04741m; Cusabio), IL-6 (CSB-E04639m; Cusabio), and Aβ 1–42 (CSB-E10787m; Cusabio) detection kits, the corresponding molecular levels in cells or tissues were measured.

Techniques: Cell Culture, CCK-8 Assay, Flow Cytometry

Journal: Molecular Neurobiology

Article Title: Olfactory Mucosa Mesenchymal Stem Cell–Derived Exosomes Enhance Microglia M2 Polarization via the FGFR1/PLCγ1 Axis to Alleviate Alzheimer’s Disease

doi: 10.1007/s12035-026-05797-w

Figure Lengend Snippet: OM-MSCs-Exo alleviated cognitive impairment and neuroinflammation in AD mice through FGFR1. A Swimming distance, swimming time, number of platform arrivals, and latency to first entry ( n = 6). B The hippocampal tissues of mice were stained with HE. C Nissl staining was performed in the hippocampus of mice. D TUNEL assay. E Data plot of the TUNEL assay. F Levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 in mice hippocampus. G WB analysis of Aβ, p-Tau/Tau in mice hippocampus. H Aβ 1–42 levels were detected. I FGFR1 and PLCγ1 levels were measured. J Levels of p-NF-κB/NF-κB. K , L IF staining of CD86 and CD206 in mice hippocampus. M Levels of microglia M1 and M2 polarization–related factors in mice hippocampus ( n = 5). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. Normality was confirmed using the Shapiro–Wilk test. Thereafter, data were analyzed with a one-way ANOVA (followed by Tukey’s post hoc test) for multiple-group comparisons

Article Snippet: According to the instruction manuals of the mouse interleukin (IL)−1β (CSB-E08054m; Cusabio), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (CSB-E04741m; Cusabio), IL-6 (CSB-E04639m; Cusabio), and Aβ 1–42 (CSB-E10787m; Cusabio) detection kits, the corresponding molecular levels in cells or tissues were measured.

Techniques: Staining, TUNEL Assay